This concise chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) The International Phonetic Alphabet [note 1] is a system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is used by foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech pathologists and therapists, singers, to represent English language English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into South-East Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, and of pronunciations.

See Pronunciation respelling for English Pronunciation respelling is a type of notation system used to convey the pronunciation of words, in a language which doesn't have a phonemic orthography . Respelling systems are meant to be easy for native readers to understand, but do not represent phonetic differences between English accents or dialects. English dictionaries have used various for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.

• AuE = Australian English Australian English is a non-rhotic variety of English spoken by most native-born Australians. Phonologically, it is one of the most regionally homogeneous language varieties in the world. As with most dialects of English, it is distinguished primarily by its vowel phonology^[1]
• CaE = Canadian English Canadian English is the variety of English spoken in Canada. English is the first language, or "mother tongue", of approximately 18 million Canadians (57%), and more than 28 million (86%) are fluent in the language. 76% of Canadians outside Quebec speak English natively, but within Quebec the figure drops to just 8%^{[citation needed]}
• GA = General American General American is a major accent of American English. The accent is not restricted to the United States, as it is quite common in parts of Canada[citation needed]. Within American English, General American and accents approximating it are contrasted with Southern American English, several Northeastern accents, and other distinct regional accents^[2][3]
• IrE = Irish English Hiberno-English – also known as Irish English – is the dialect of English spoken in Ireland. English was first brought to Ireland during the Norman invasion of Ireland in the late 12th century. However, because England was unable to control the country, English was only spoken by a small minority of people inhabiting an area known as the Pale^{[citation needed]}
• NZE = New Zealand English New Zealand English is the form of the English language used in New Zealand^[4]
• RP = Received Pronunciation Received Pronunciation , also called the Queen's (or King's) English and BBC English, is the accent of Standard English in England, with a relationship to regional accents similar to that of other European languages. Although there is nothing intrinsic about RP that marks it as superior to any other variety, sociolinguistic factors give Received (England British English, or UK English , is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used elsewhere. The Oxford English Dictionary applies the term to English "as spoken or written in the British Isles; esp[ecially] the forms of English usual in Great Britain...", reserving ")^[5]
• ScE = Scottish English Scottish English refers to the varieties of English spoken in Scotland. It may or may not include Scots depending on the observer^{[citation needed]}
• SAE = South African English The term South African English is applied to the first language dialects of English spoken by South Africans, with the L1 English variety spoken by Zimbabweans, Zambians and Namibians, being recognised as offshoots^{[citation needed]}
• SSE = Standard Singapore English
• WaE = Welsh English Welsh English, Anglo-Welsh, or Wenglish refers to the dialects of English spoken in Wales by Welsh people. The dialects are significantly influenced by Welsh grammar and often include words derived from Welsh. In addition to the distinctive words and grammar, there is a variety of accents found across Wales from the Cardiff dialect to that of the^{[citation needed]}

Chart

Note: An image of the chart is also available.

This chart lists the diaphonemes In linguistics, a diaphoneme or diaphone is a phoneme viewed through its dialectal variants, called diaphonic variants or diaphonic allophones. For example, the vowel that constitutes the English word eye /aɪ/ is pronounced diaphonically as [aɪ̯] or [ʌɪ̯] in RP and General American, as [ae̯] or [əi̯] in Scottish English, as [ɑɪ̯] in of English, in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values, in plain text. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect.

See also

• English phonology English phonology is the study of the phonology of the English language. Like all other languages, spoken English has wide variation in its pronunciation both diachronically and synchronically from dialect to dialect. This variation is especially salient in English, because the language is spoken over such a wide territory, being the predominant
• NATO phonetic alphabet The ICAO spelling alphabet also called NATO phonetic alphabet, or the international radiotelephony spelling alphabet, is the most widely used spelling alphabet. Though often called "phonetic alphabets", spelling alphabets have no connection to phonetic transcription systems like the International Phonetic Alphabet. Instead, the NATO - also known as the international radiotelephony spelling alphabet or military alphabet. The NATO phonetic alphabet is often confused with the IPA because of the occurrence of "phonetic" in its name. However, the NATO alphabet is a cipher In cryptography, a cipher is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption — a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. An alternative, less common term is encipherment. In non-technical usage, a “cipher” is the same thing as a “code”; however, the concepts are distinct in cryptography. In classical of the Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumaean alphabet, which was borrowed and modified by the Etruscans who ruled early Rome, whose alphabet was then adapted and further modified by the ancient, while the IPA strives for one-to-one representation of the sounds of all spoken languages.
• Phonetic alphabets The usual name of the script is given first ; the name of the language(s) in which the script is written follows (in brackets), particularly in the case where the language name differs from the script name. Other informative or qualifying annotations for the script may also be provided
• Pronunciation respelling for English Pronunciation respelling is a type of notation system used to convey the pronunciation of words, in a language which doesn't have a phonemic orthography . Respelling systems are meant to be easy for native readers to understand, but do not represent phonetic differences between English accents or dialects. English dictionaries have used various
• SAMPA chart for English
• "Vowel wheel" The diagram is a subjective, kinesthetic impression of the position of the mouth while pronouncing monophthongs which occur in broad transcription of General American English: the position of the mouth perceived synaesthetically as a vector pointing in a certain direction. In the diagram the vectors are shown as spokes. , based on Kinesthetic - a subjective schematic of English English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into South-East Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, and of vowel sounds as pronounced in a General American accent General American is a major accent of American English. The accent is not restricted to the United States, as it is quite common in parts of Canada[citation needed]. Within American English, General American and accents approximating it are contrasted with Southern American English, several Northeastern accents, and other distinct regional accents.
• Wikipedia:IPA for English

Notes

1. ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
2. ^ Kenyon & Knott (1944/1953)
3. ^ Kenyon (1950)
4. ^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
5. ^ Roach (2004:241–243). See Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet Pronunciation respelling is a type of notation system used to convey the pronunciation of words, in a language which doesn't have a phonemic orthography . Respelling systems are meant to be easy for native readers to understand, but do not represent phonetic differences between English accents or dialects. English dictionaries have used various for the alternative system devised by Clive Upton Clive Upton is professor of English language at the University of Leeds, England, specializing in dialectology and sociolinguistics. He has also acted as a consultant on British pronuciation for the English-language dictionaries published by Oxford University Press, including the Oxford English Dictionary, the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, for Oxford University Press Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the Vice-Chancellor known as the Delegates of the Press. They are headed by the Secretary to the Delegates, who serves as OUP's chief executive and as its major representative dictionaries.
6. ^ ^{a b c} This is the compromise IPA transcription used in the entries of Wikipedia articles. It covers most dialects of English.
7. ^ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ʔ] in some positions in English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.
8. ^ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English.
9. ^ Pronounced [t̪] in some varieties of Irish English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English.
10. ^ Pronounced [d̪] in some varieties of Irish English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English.
11. ^ Marginal elsewhere.
12. ^ Pronounced [ɱ] before f (e.g. symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni)
13. ^ In some dialects (e.g. Brummie Brummie is a colloquial term for the inhabitants, accent and dialect of Birmingham, England, as well as being a general adjective used to denote a connection with the city, locally called Brum. The terms are all derived from Brummagem or Bromwichham, historical variants or alternatives to 'Birmingham') "ringer", "sing" etc are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/ rather than /ˈɹɪŋə/
14. ^ [ɫ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English, though this is changing; [l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP and some other English accents, along with South African English, however, have clear [l] in syllable onsets and dark [ɫ] in syllable rimes.
15. ^ The tap [ɾ] is found in some varieties of Scottish and Irish English.
16. ^ Some dialects, such as Scottish English Scottish English refers to the varieties of English spoken in Scotland. It may or may not include Scots depending on the observer, Irish English Hiberno-English – also known as Irish English – is the dialect of English spoken in Ireland. English was first brought to Ireland during the Norman invasion of Ireland in the late 12th century. However, because England was unable to control the country, English was only spoken by a small minority of people inhabiting an area known as the Pale, and much of the American South Southern American English is a group of dialects of the English language spoken throughout the Southern region of the United States, from Southern and Eastern Maryland, West Virginia and Kentucky to the Gulf Coast, and from the Atlantic coast to most of Texas and Oklahoma dialects, distinguish hw from w; see whine and wine The phonological history of English consonants is part of the phonological history of the English language in terms of changes in the phonology of consonants and voiceless labiovelar approximant The voiceless labiovelar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʍ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is W
17. ^ /ɔː, aʊ, ɔɪ/ are never reduced. In some dialects, such as Australian, all reduced vowels become [ə].
18. ^ ^{a b} See bad-lad split The trap-bath split is a vowel split that occurs mainly in southern varieties of English English , in Boston English, and in the Southern Hemisphere accents (Australian English, New Zealand English, South African English), by which the Early Modern English phoneme /æ/ was lengthened in certain environments and ultimately merged with the long /ɑː and æ-tensing The trap-bath split is a vowel split that occurs mainly in southern varieties of English English , in Boston English, and in the Southern Hemisphere accents (Australian English, New Zealand English, South African English), by which the Early Modern English phoneme /æ/ was lengthened in certain environments and ultimately merged with the long /ɑː for these distinctions.
19. ^ Suzanna Bte Hshim and Borwn, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 84-92.
20. ^ Often transcribed /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the Vice-Chancellor known as the Delegates of the Press. They are headed by the Secretary to the Delegates, who serves as OUP's chief executive and as its major representative.
21. ^ Deterding, David (2003) 'An instrumental study of the monophthong vowels of Singapore English', English World Wide, 24(1), 1–16.
22. ^ See low back merger The phonology of the low back vowels of the English language has undergone changes both overall and with regional variations, dating from Late Middle English to the present. The sound changes heard in modern English mostly begin with the Great Vowel Shift, and continue through the development and recognition of the General American dialect and the for more discussion of this vowel in American English.
23. ^ It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit-bit split The high front vowels of English have undergone a variety of changes over time, which may vary from dialect to dialect.
24. ^ Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93-99.
25. ^ Tay Wan Joo, Mary (1982) 'The phonology of educated Singapore English', English World-Wide, 3(2), 135–45.
26. ^ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
27. ^ ^{a b c d e f} See Fern-fir-fur merger In the phonological history of the English language, vowels followed by the phoneme /r/ have undergone a number of phonological changes. In recent centuries, most or all of these changes have involved merging of vowel distinctions for this distinction.
28. ^ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].
29. ^ In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu respectively; in all other varieties of English they are homophones.
30. ^ ^{a b c} In Canadian English, the raised diphthongs [ʌi] and [ʌu] are found before voiceless consonants, as in right [ɹʷʌit] and out [ʌut]; in other environments, [aɪ] and [aʊ] are used. In much of US English, this happens with /ʌɪ/, primarily when what would originally be the [aɪ] sound precedes are "hard" consonant (k, f and t being hard, but not g, v and d, so the diphthongs of dike, life and sight are different from tiger, live and side). See Canadian raising Canadian raising is a phonetic phenomenon that occurs in varieties of the English language, especially Canadian English, in which diphthongs are "raised" before voiceless consonants . /aɪ/ (the vowel of "eye") becomes [ʌi], while the outcome of /aʊ/ (the vowel of "loud") varies by dialect, with [ʌu] more common in.
31. ^ Lee, Ee May and Lim, Lisa (2000) ' Diphthongs in Singaporean English: their realisations across different formality levels, and some attitudes of listeners towards them. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 100-111.
32. ^ Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93-99.
33. ^ Alternative symbols used in British dictionaries are /ɛː/ (Oxford University Press Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the Vice-Chancellor known as the Delegates of the Press. They are headed by the Secretary to the Delegates, who serves as OUP's chief executive and as its major representative) and /ɛə/.
34. ^ >Roach (2004:241–243), pp. 21–22, 25–26. Roach notes that many people in England use /ɔː/ for this vowel, but also that RP is supposed to distinguish between maw /mɔː/ and moor /mʊə/, tore /tɔː/ and tour /tʊə/, paw /pɔː/ and poor /pʊə/.

References

• Gimson, A. C. Alfred Charles Gimson was an English phonetician. He was known to generations of students and colleagues simply as 'Gim' (1980). An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English (3rd edn. ed.). London: Edward Arnold. ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 0-7131-6287-2.
• Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics 17: 155–84. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1080/07268609708599550.
• Kenyon, John Samuel Born in Medina, Ohio, he graduated from Hiram College in 1898 and taught there as a professor of English from 1916 to 1944, when he retired and became an emeritus professor until his death. Together with Thomas A. Knott, he wrote A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English , still regarded as a classic guide to American English pronunciation (1950). American Pronunciation (10th ed.). Ann Arbor: George Wahr.
• Kenyon, John S. Born in Medina, Ohio, he graduated from Hiram College in 1898 and taught there as a professor of English from 1916 to 1944, when he retired and became an emeritus professor until his death. Together with Thomas A. Knott, he wrote A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English , still regarded as a classic guide to American English pronunciation; Knott, Thomas A. (1944/1953). A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0-87779-047-7.
• Bauer, L.; Warren, P.; Bardsley, D.; Kennedy, M.; Major, G. (2007). "New Zealand English". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (1): 97–102. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830.
• Schneider, Edgar W.; Kortmann, Bernd (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
• Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
• Wells, J. C. (2000). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2nd edn. ed.). Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 0-582-36468-X.

External links

• Learning the IPA for English, (Standard American English)
• IPA chart with AIFF sound files for IPA symbols
• IPA chart with MP3 sound files for all IPA symbols on the chart (limited version is available to anyone)
• The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005) Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart.
• lexconvert a GPL command-line program to convert between Unicode IPA and the ASCII notations of various English speech synthesizers
• LONGMAN Dictionary of Contemporary English ONLINE uses IPA.
• Online IPA editor for English
• Online/Offline IPA editor for English
• IPA transcription systems for English — discussion by John C. Wells of RP transcriptions

Categories: International Phonetic Alphabet | English phonology

See Also:

• Old English: Dictionary
• Old English Language: Encyclopedia
• Middle English Language: Encyclopedia

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